Justice-based schadenfreude comes from seeing that behavior seen as immoral or 'bad' is punished.

This is schadenfreude based on another person's misfortune eliciting pleasure because the observer now feels better about their personal identity and self-worth, instead of their group identity. It arises from a desire to stand out from and out-perform one's peers.

Rivalry-based schadenfreude is individualistic and related to interpersonal competition.

This is, essentially, schadenfreude based on group versus group status. The joy of observing the suffering of others comes from the observer's feeling that the other's failure represents an improvement or validation of their own group's (in-group) status in relation to external (out-groups) groups (see In-group and out-group).

Aggression-based schadenfreude primarily involves group identity.

Since this confident individual perceives that, regardless of circumstances, the successes and failures of the other person will have little impact on their own status or well-being, they have very little emotional investment in how the other person fares, be it positive or negative.Ĭonversely, for someone with low self-esteem, someone who is more successful poses a threat to their sense of self, and seeing this person fall can be a source of comfort because they perceive a relative improvement in their internal or in-group standing. Specifically, for someone with high self-esteem, seeing another person fail may still bring them a small (but effectively negligible) surge of confidence because the observer's high self-esteem significantly lowers the threat they believe the visibly-failing human poses to their status or identity.

It is hypothesized that this inverse relationship is mediated through the human psychological inclination to define and protect their self- and in-group- identity or self-conception. Self-esteem has a negative relationship with the frequency and intensity of schadenfreude experienced by an individual individuals with less self-esteem tend to experience schadenfreude more frequently and intensely. Researchers have found that there are three driving forces behind schadenfreude: aggression, rivalry, and justice. Īlthough common nouns normally are not capitalised in English, schadenfreude sometimes is capitalised following the German convention. In German, it was first attested in the 1740s. The German word was first mentioned in English texts in 18, and first used in English running text in 1895. It is a compound of Schaden, 'damage/harm', and Freude, 'joy'.

6 Literary usage and philosophical analysis.

Another word for things that are wrong